Humanistic Theory - 1377 Words

Experiential and Humanistic Theory As a person goes through life and has ups and downs, their ability to handle the stress varies from person to person. At times, a person has difficulties maintaining all the pressures of issues that sometimes feel to manifest into deep sensations of falling. Not knowing where to turn or where to go to get a clear view of what it is that may has them continuing to feel all of the world is against them. Many people rely on friends and family to get that ear to sort out their troubles. Calm down an agitated person, assisting a friend through a death of a family member, or something as simple as avoiding negative thoughts through distracting, these forms of lending a hand can be described as†¦show more content†¦The development of the â€Å"pyramid of needs† by Maslow in 1943 became the blue print used today to identify the needs of individuals. Maslow believed that in the correct order, an individual can become self-actualized thro ugh a hierarchy of needs. Once an individual has met the basic physiological needs such as food, water, sex, sleeps etc., then they are able feel safety through the security of body, employment, morality, family health, etc. As the individuals moves up the hierarchy, feeling loved and belonged strengthens their self-esteem and reaching self-actualization is achieved. Carl Rogers believed that in order for an individual to develop fully, in addition to Maslow’s hierarchy, their environment needs to be genuine, accepting, and have empathy. Rodgers felt that without the essential environment that is nourishing, development of healthy personalities and relationships will not have the opportunity to flourish fully. Rogers continued to expand on Maslow’s theory by going a little deeper. He felt that an individual operates from a unique frame of reference through building self-regard and self-concept. As an individual is identifying how to meet their basic needs, what about the experiences that are learned? David Kolb took a different approach then just viewing behavioral theories. Kolb developed the experiential learning theory that takes the approach on how experiences,Show MoreRelatedThe Humanistic Theory Of Humanistic And Behaviorist761 Words   |  4 PagesProfessor and Classmates: In discussing two of the chosen theories, I made my decision to choose Humanistic and Behaviorist. In the Humanistic Theory, people are often looked upon as to handling their lives and actions, and they have the freedom and will to change their attitudes and behavior. Two important humanistic theorists and psychologists were, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow was a psychotherapist, considered the founder of the humanist movement in psychology. He examinedRead MoreThe Humanistic Theory Of Education879 Words   |  4 Pagesanyone that they can look up therefore; it is important for the teacher to be their guide. . The Humanistic Theory is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving (McLeod, 2007). Quality education is based on the Humanistic Theory because it is learning that is self-directed by students and students are self-evaluated. ThereRead MoreHumanistic Theory, Psychodynamic Theory And Cbt1373 Words   |  6 Pages Here I am going to explain the key characteristics of: Humanistic theory, Psychodynamic theory and CBT. Firstly I am going to talk about what I think the Humanistic theory is, this approach works by providing the client with a better understand of themselves. It helps them to understand their feelings and gives them a chance to explore the option to create personal choices. Humanistic therapy is used for depression, low self-esteem, anxiety, stress, loss etc. It pushes the client to work towardsRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories1229 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Name PSY/405 Date Teacher University Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories In a perfect world, there would only be one, if not two different types of personality theories that psychologists would have to choose from in order to diagnose and treat their patients with, but variety, as they say, is the spice of life. In addition to that of psychodynamic personality theories, another set of equally important, and perhaps more interestingRead MorePsychodynamic And Humanistic Theories Of Psychology1634 Words   |  7 PagesPsychodynamic and Humanistic Personality Theories The study of the human mind is an interesting topic to discuss about, we have many theorists that have come up with many different ideas or theories, in how to evaluate the mind of humans, two main ways to study the mind in psychology are psychodynamic approach and humanistic approach. Even though these theories are to evaluate human minds they have different views in how the mind works. In psychodynamic approach, the way the mind is viewed is thatRead MoreCarl Rogers Humanistic Theory2457 Words   |  10 Pageshistory there have been many theories put forth in professional psychology in regards to the development of personality, thinking processes, emotions and the use of appropriate counselling practices. Behaviourism, humanistic, client centered and existential approaches are some of many theories in the field of psychology that explain the mind and behavior as a guide for counsellors when conducting therapeutic interventions. For the purpose of this paper, Carl Rogers’ h umanistic approach and Sigmund Freud’sRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories1136 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Many theorists have dedicated their lives trying to figure out how the personality of a person is shaped. While the theories presented have brought up interesting and valid points on what causes personality, there are others that have taken a different approach to its study. There is the Humanistic-Dynamic theory by Abraham Maslow, the Person-Centered theory by Carl Rogers, and the Existential Psychology made popular by Rollo May. Analyze how humanisticRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Paper1238 Words   |  5 PagesHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Matrix Theorists have invested years of research into learning the dynamics of one’s personality. Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories offered perspectives that have proved to be valuable to those researching and exploring how one’s personality develops and expands throughout life. From Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to Carl Rogers’s developmentRead MoreHumanistic And Experiential And Emotionally Focused Theories793 Words   |  4 PagesApplying Humanistic/Experiential and Emotionally-Focused Theories Valencia W. Wright Marriage, Couple, and Family Therapy HUMN – 6356 – 3 Dr. Emmett Roberts Walden University March 20, 2016 Humanistic Theory is the main focus on self, which transcends into â€Å"you† and â€Å"your†, then it will be about your experiences. It was mentioned that a person is free to choose their own behavior than just reacting to environmental stimulants and reinforcements (www.answers.com). Then with Humanistic TheoryRead MoreHumanistic and Existential Personality Theories Worksheet726 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Humanistic and Existential Personality Theories Worksheet Fill-in the Blank 1. Abraham Maslow proposed the _____Humanistic____________ theory of personality. 2. According to Maslow, self-fulfillment and realization of one’s full potential are examples of ______basic__________ needs. 3. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that ___lower basic needs_________ needs must be satisfied before ____higher growth________ needs will become motivators

If Current Trends Continue, China May Emerge as the...

1. Discuss the possible implications of such a development for (1) The world trading system. (2) The world monetary system. (3)The business strategy of todays European and U.S. based global corporations. (4)Global commodity prices Answer: The world trading system would clearly be affected by such a development. Currently China enjoys a somewhat privileged status within the World Trade Organization as a ―developing country. Such a rise to eminence, however, would clearly force it to become a full and equal member, with all the rights and responsibilities. China would also be in a position to actively affect the terms of trade between many countries. On the monetary front, one would expect that China would have to have†¦show more content†¦Literacy Rate is low: Less people are educated thus we found less skilled labors. But at present stage both skilled and unskilled labor are necessary for using good technology and production. Raw Materials Unavailability: Raw materials are less available or unavailable. It may be gathered from distance sources that incur high expenses. Poor infrastructure for production of product services: Due to undeveloped mode of every sector , Production infrastructure is not suitable. Markets are not available: Market for products are not available. People want low cost product because they have less sources of income. Customers are less available for good products: High quality products are costly. They are not beared by customers because their purchasing power is low. More dependent families: Less people earn and more people want to consume. It means more people are dependent upon income generating members. Lands are not suitable for agriculture: Lands are mostly barren due to poor irrigation system, mismanagement of water, unavailability of modern agriculture methods application and tools, etc. People depend upon still upon ancient irrigation system. Cheap labors are available: Labors are easily available at low costs but they are mostly unskilled. So they are useless in technical works or in high rated projects. Poor Technological Development: Due to poor infrastructure of RD and unskilled employees, technological innovations may not possibleShow MoreRelatedInternational Business5797 Words   |  24 PagesThe notion that national economies are relatively self-contained entities is on the rise. FALSE 2. (p. 4) For the last 50 years, the volume of goods, services and investment crossing national borders has consistently expanded faster than world output. TRUE 3. (p. 4) Today, the world economy is fast moving toward a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining. TRUE 4. (p. 6) The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy is referred to as globalizationRead More How the United States Must Handle China and Its Military in the 21st Century4404 Words   |  18 Pagesall while working to advance the global system. Enticing China to become a responsible pillar of the global system will be one of the greatest challenges of coming decades for the United States and the Western world-particularly since it appears for the moment China is uninterested in playing such a role. This is the unique situation the United States and China find themselves in, with so many mutual interests, and as the global economy begins to slow, challenges such as: China’s increase in militaryRead MoreThe Rise of China and Future of the West17670 Words   |  71 PagesThe Rise of China and the Future of the West Can the Liberal System Survive? By G. John Ikenberry January/February 2008 Summary:   Chinas rise will inevitably bring the United States unipolar moment to an end. But that does not necessarily mean a violent power struggle or the overthrow of the Western system. The U.S.-led international order can remain dominant even while integrating a more powerful China -- but only if Washington sets about strengthening that liberal order now. G. JOHNRead MoreTrends in Hotel Industry13993 Words   |  56 PagesTrends In Hospitality Sector Hospitality is all about offering warmth to someone who looks for help at a strange or unfriendly place. It refers to the process of receiving and entertaining a guest with goodwill. Hospitality in the commercial context refers to the activity of hotels, restaurants, catering, inn, resorts or clubs who make a vocation of treating tourists. Helped With unique efforts by government and all other stakeholders, including hotel owners, resort managers, tour and travelRead MoreFrance Country Report5492 Words   |  22 Pageswell as trade related issues. The subsequent portions are barriers/opportunities to business. The last part is a recommendation which is a conclusion for the VP of marketing. Geographical Setting With an area of 643,427 sq km, France is the largest country in the European Union; France’s topography is diverse, with mostly flat plains or smoothly rolling hills in the north and west. In the east and south are mountains, including Western Europe’s highest point (Alpine peak of Mont Blanc). TransportationRead MoreComment on How Changes in Macro and Market Environment Forces Impact on the Level of Competition in an Industry.18606 Words   |  75 Pagesï ¬ rms—it can be in a nation’s interest for its government to give state aid to ailing ï ¬ rms within its boundaries; on a broader scale this can give artiï ¬ cial competitive advantages to recipient ï ¬ rms, which may, for example, be able to charge lower prices than their unsupported rivals; recipients may also be unfairly shielded from the full force of the competitive pressures aï ¬â‚¬ecting their markets. We will now review each of these rules to illustrate the impact they have made on ï ¬ rms’ activities. Collusion Read MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesPrevious editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This bookRead MoreThe Political Economy of International Trade7141 Words   |  29 PagesThe Political Economy of International Trade Chapter Outline OPENING CASE: Why Are Global Food Prices Soaring? INTRODUCTION INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY Tariffs Subsides Country Focus: Subsidized Wheat Production in Japan Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies Management Focus: U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection THE CASE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION Read MoreBoeing Financial Analysis Essay6645 Words   |  27 Pagesshort on money, William Boeing used his own financial resources to guarantee a loan to cover all wages, which was a total of about seven hundred a week. (Boeing History, n.d) In 1997, they merged with McDonnell Douglas and are currently the worlds largest aerospace company and leading manufacturer of commercial airliners and defense, space and security systems. With their headquarters in Chicago, Boeing employs more than 170,000 people in the United States and in over seventy countries. 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Deception Ethics in Mediation Free Essays

One of the basic tenets of the mediation process is that, as far as possible, everything that is said is truthful. Under this assumption, the mediation process will be an attempt to resolve two different views of the truth. However, what happens when there is intent to deceive on the part of one of the participants, or worse yet on the part of the mediator? This is a complex issue that cannot be determined solely by considering the foundations of ethics or of the practice of mediation. We will write a custom essay sample on Deception Ethics in Mediation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Instead, the issue must be understood from a dual perspective of the ethical appropriateness of deception and its potential usefulness within mediation. Ethically, there can be no question – neither a Kantian nor a utilitarian ethical approach allow for the use of commonplace lies in mediation. However, from the perspective of human relationships, it must be accounted for that people do deceive, and that it is part of our communications and social fabric. Thus, there is a dual ethical position for deception in the mediation process – while morally it is wrong, pragmatically it is commonly used and may be useful for helping negotiating parties to come to a decision. In order to clearly understand this argument, it is important to understand what deception is. A naive understanding of deception is that it is simply lying, which is certainly included. However, there are a number of other elements of deception, as well. One formal definition of deception that could be used is â€Å"a successful or unsuccessful deliberate attempt, without forewarning, to create in another a belief that the communicator considers to be untrue in order to increase the communicator’s payoff at the expense of the other side (Gneezy 386). This definition is useful because it includes a number of key characteristics for understanding deception. First, it is deliberate – that is, the deceiver is not simply misinformed or lacking in information. Second, is an attempt to create a belief in the other person; without this intent, it is difficult to say whether something is truly an expanse at deception. Third, it is an attempt to influence the outcomes of the decision, rather than simply being for no purpose or for some other purpose. Finally, the attempt at deception may be either successful or unsuccessful, and thus even if the negotiation partner figures out what information is being withheld, it is still incorrect. This definition can be extended by common knowledge examples of deception, such as lying actively; lying by omission; and manipulation of data and statistics. Krivis (1) identified a spectrum of deceptive practices that can be further used to understand this concept, including: â€Å"Honesty, Exaggeration, White lies, Partial Disclosure, Silence As to Other Party’s Mistake, False Excuses, [and] Fraud. These types of deception are of course not mutually exclusive, but may be seen in combination with each other. Also, as Krivis (1) noted, many of these behaviors are common within our society and do not even pose a significant moral quandary for the majority of those that undertake them. There are also distinct philosophical approaches to deception that address the ethical approaches and considerations. The two main ethical approaches to deception can be characterized as Kantian, or virtue-based, and utilitarian. In the Kantian view, lying is always wrong, because it violates the moral imperative (Alexander and Sherwin 396-397). That is, â€Å"lying is an offense to all humanity, and, most importantly, to the liar himself (Alexander and Sherwin 397)† because it promotes falsehood and uses the liar’s intellect in a debased manner. The utilitarian view is not as absolute, but it still does not cede that lying is an acceptable moral choice most of the time (Alexander and Sherwin 398). Specifically, the potential gain from the lie must be greater than the harm caused to society from the lie in order to be morally defensible. However, given that lies â€Å"degrade the background trust that supports human interaction (Alexander and Sherwin 398),† this is a very high bar for the benefits of lying to overcome its consequences, even under the utilitarian ethical structure. Thus, it is clear from a pure ethical analysis that the use of deception in negotiation is wrong. However, it should be noted â€Å"professional rules of ethics simply require negotiators to abide by the morality of the marketplace, rather than the rules of law (Krivis 3). † Thus, neither a strictly legalistic nor a strictly legalistic approach to deception is demanded. It should be noted that not all fields of study take an ethical approach to deception, but sometimes use a more pragmatic approach. For example, in classical economics deception is often seen as an attempt to increase the payout from n economic transaction, in which individuals will engage if the incentive is high enough to do so (Gneezy 384). This approach could best be described as a utilitarian or consequentialist approach, in which what is most important is the outcome, rather than the intent of the lie (Gneezy 384). This approach is similar to many such approaches used in mediation analysis, in which rather than taking a normative view regarding what people should do, theoretical and pragmatic approaches to deception deal with what people do – that is, they use deception routinely (Krivis 1). The use of deception is highly context-dependent and may not always occur, but it should always be considered in the range of possibilities for how a negotiation will occur (Krivis 2). The question of whether deception is ethical in a mediation context should be asked not only within the context of a philosophical framework that is applied generally, but also within the framework of mediation itself. Given the nature of mediation, it is natural that considerable research has been done into the area of deception and its effects. There is no question that deception is a commonly used tactic in mediation, and that it works. One study compared the uses of deception in negotiating dyads, comparing its use in competitive and less competitive negotiation frames (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2123). The researchers found that competitive negotiators, or those that engaged in highly aggressive tactics intended to promote their own point of view, used both deceptive and non-deceptive negotiating tactics in order to achieve their goals. In particular, they were found to use deception both more aggressively and to a greater degree than cooperative negotiators (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2137). Thus, this cannot be questioned. However, this finding does not make a clear statement regarding why this would be undesirable; there is nothing inherently wrong with one side or another prevailing in a mediation discussion, and so the evidence against deception must be stronger than it simply being a path to winning a negotiation. This evidence can be found in the effects of the deceptive behavior on perceptions and outcomes also found by this study. The study found evidence that the use of deception influenced the other party’s beliefs about the negotiating situation, leading to an estimation of the deceiver’s situation that was significantly different from reality (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2137-38). Significantly, the researchers found that even though the negotiators paired with a competitive negotiator were disbelieving regarding the claims made, they still were not able to determine what the actual situation of the negotiation was. Finally, the use of deception on the part of one negotiator resulted in a less positive outcome for the other participant. Specifically, it resulted in a change in the ultimate decision of the non-deceiving negotiator, a transfer in the surplus received from the non-deceiving negotiator to the deceiving negotiator, and an increase in the amount of profit received by deceivers as compared to those that did not use a deceptive strategy (Schweitzer, DeChurch and Gibson 2139). This clearly demonstrates the shift in value that is seen in cases where mediation and negotiation is accompanied by deception. While one party has benefited, the other party, which has been exposed to deception without warning beforehand, has been harmed. Thus, there is a distinctly negative outcome that can be seen from the use of negotiation in this context. There are certainly problems in implementing an ethical prohibition against lying in the mediation context. This is not unique to mediation, however. In the legal context, deception is not treated as strictly as it could be. It is generally considered under a utilitarian ethic, rather than a Kantian ethic (Alexander and Sherwin 394); that is, there may be considered to be some justification for lying if the greater number of people is served. However, as Alexander and Sherwin (394) noted, the penalties for lying in a legal context are not commonly as strict as those that would be promoted by a pure utilitarian philosophy. Although there are a number of potential reasons for this, such as the cost and infeasibility of enforcement, Alexander and Sherwin (394) posited that this might also be because of the recognition that lying may at times be beneficial in a legal context. However, this does not mean that in an ethical sense, this position has to be accepted in mediation. In fact, if it is accepted that one of the purposes of mediation is to come to effective solutions without involvement of the legal system, and then this calls for a noticeably different approach to the use of deception. However, the legal approach to deception is actually highly relevant to mediation, because of the frequent use of lawyers by parties in the mediation process. As Krivis (2) notes, there are a number of specific approaches that lawyers use in order to achieve their negotiation goals, although these approaches need to be carefully managed in order not to venture into fraud. Some of the potential deceptions that may be found in this context include exaggeration (for example, exaggerating the strength of the case); being deceptive about intent to settle; and inflating the settlement expectation in order to achieve a better outcome (Krivis 2). It is clear that currently mediation practices and ethics do not prohibit the use of deception, as long as it does not venture into specific areas such as fraud. However, should this be prohibited? Evidence discussed above indicates that deception can be used to unfairly rich one party at the expense of another, offering one reason why this should be the case. Another reason for a stronger prohibition against deception is the cross-professional nature of many mediators, who also play roles as lawyers, social workers, and other professions (Laflin 479). Given that these professions have vastly different ethical standards and practices, it would be to the benefit of the mediation profession to have a specific set of ethical expectations that could be promoted. Laflin (480) notes that lawyer-mediators may have particular difficulty with the ethical concerns inherent in mediation, given the relative focus on adversarial rather than cooperative outcomes. The implementation of stronger prohibition against deception would certainly be one way in which the norms of mediation, rather than the norms of courtroom argumentation, could be enforced. However, this does raise the question of how this prohibition against deception could be implemented and enforced. Given the relatively accepted nature of deception in many of its more subtle forms, it would be difficult to determine how this could be implement with any great degree of success. Deception, commonly understood as lying, can be understood as a range of more subtle behaviors that reflect a range of potential manipulations of implementation. Deception is commonly accepted from an economic point of view and routinely engaged in, even though using a strict ethical evaluation it cannot be defended except under very severe circumstances. However, the mediation environment must deal not only with the philosophical question of correctness, but in the outcomes of mediation and the effects that are seen from deception. Research has shown that the use of deception in negotiation leads to a transfer of surplus from the non-deceptive party to the deceptive party, which provides a clear rationale for why, under a pragmatic viewpoint, deception would also be a negative activity. However, in practice deception is commonly accepted both within the legal system and within mediation practices, as long as this deception does not venture into fraud. There are a number of potential reasons for this, including the acceptability of deceptive practices such as exaggeration and white lies within the wider society and the requirement that lawyers should protect the interests of their client. There is certainly justification for reform of mediation norms and ethics in order to prevent the use of deception. However, given the difficulty that is involved in detecting fraud, this may be a very difficult reform to make. Deception is not acceptable in every situation. Deception in negotiation can provide a bargaining advantage. Deception in negotiation can also come at a cost. How to cite Deception Ethics in Mediation, Essay examples

Space Shuttle Challenger Essay Research Paper Rogers free essay sample

Space Shuttle Challenger Essay, Research Paper Rogers, William P. , et Al Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident United States Government Printing Office June 6, 1986 256 pages The Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, chaired by former Secretary of State William P. Rogers, investigated the fortunes environing the detonation of the Space Shuttle Challenger shortly after liftoff on January 28, 1986. The Commission was established in February, 1986, pursuant to Executive Order 12546, and it issued its concluding study in June, 1986. William Rogers was at the clip a practising lawyer and senior spouse in the jurisprudence house Rogers A ; Wells. In 1973, Rogers was awarded the Medal of Freedom. All other members of the Commission have first-class makings such as old ballistic capsule commanding officer, applied scientists, manager of Space Systems and Command, Control, Communication, astronauts, and physicists. January 28th, 1986, was the coldest twenty-four hours that NASA had of all time attempted to establish a manned ballistic capsule ; at 36 grades Fahrenheit, it was 15 grades colder than any old launch temperature. We will write a custom essay sample on Space Shuttle Challenger Essay Research Paper Rogers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although lift-off clip for the Challenger flight 51-L had been delayed twice that forenoon, all operations and systems seemed to be under control. An ice squad had been sent to the launch tablet at 1:30 ante meridiem and once more at 8:45 a.m. , and although there was some build-up, ice was cleared as a concern. Other conditions conditions were cleared by NASA staff at Cape Canaveral through the usage of conditions balloons and besides at the exigency set downing site in Dakar, Senegal, Africa. The seven member crew arrived at the launch tablet in the spacemans van shortly after 8:00 and were all strapped into their seats by 8:36 ante meridiem Three, two, one [ stated mission control ] . Roger. Travel with the accelerator up, shuttle commanding officer Dick Scobee radioed. 73 seconds subsequently, 1000000s of people across the state watched the atrocious detonation spread across their telecasting screens and realized that something had gone incorrect before they heard the voice of m ission control: Obviously a major malfunction. Rather than presenting the State of the Union reference that flushing as scheduled, President Ronald Reagan made a brief address. We ll go on our quest in infinite, he promised traumatized Americans. There will be more shuttle flights and more shuttle crews and, yes, more voluntaries, more civilians, more instructors in infinite. There would be no shuttle flights for about three old ages. There would be no instructor in infinite, and for those left on the land, for the households of seven deceased spacemans, there would be old ages of resentment, heartache and choler, and hurting before their lives could eventually mend. What went incorrect? What really happened to do a seasoned infinite bird such as Challenger to misfunction on its ten percent run? At 0.68 seconds after ignition, videotape showed black fume coming from the bottom field articulation of the right solid projectile supporter ( SRB ) . The SRB comes in four sections that are assembled. The bottom field articulation is the lowest articulation on the SRB. The black fume suggested that lubricating oil, joint insularity, and rubber O-rings were being burned. The fume continued to come from the bottom field articulation confronting the exterior armored combat vehicle in rhythms of three whiffs of fume per second. The last whiff of fume was seen at 2.7 seconds. The black fume was an indicant that the bottom field articulation was non sealing right. At 58.8 seconds into flight, on enhanced movie, a fire was seen coming from the right SRB. The fire was coming from the bottom of the bottom articulation. It was firing gas that was get awaying from the SRB. A fraction of a 2nd subsequently, at 59.3 seconds, the fire was good defined and could be seen without enhanced movie. As the fire increased in size, it had begun to force against the external armored combat vehicle due to the hotfooting air around the satellite. The SRB is attached to the external armored combat vehicle by a series of prances that run aboard the external armored combat vehicle. One of these prances is located at 310 grades of the perimeter of the SRB. As the fire grew, it pushed against this prance with an intense heat of about 5,600 grades Fahrenheit, doing it hot and weak. The first sighting of the fire hitting the external armored combat vehicle was at 64.7 seconds, when the colour of the fire changed. The colour alteration indicated that the fire was being produced through blending with another substance. This other substance was liquid H, which is stored in the bottom external armored combat vehicle. Pressure alterations from the H armored combat vehicle confirmed that there was a leak. At 72 seconds, there was a sudden concatenation of events that destroyed Challenger and the seven crew members on board. By now, the lower prance linking the right SRB to the external armored combat vehicle was highly hot and really weak. With the sum of force given by the SRB, the lower prance broke off from both the right SRB and the external armored combat vehicle, leting the right SRB to revolve freely around the top prances. The underside of the SRB swung around striking, denting, and firing Challenger # 8217 ; s wing. There was an utmost force that shot the H armored combat vehicle frontward into the O armored combat vehicle doing them to split. At 73.12 seconds into flight, a white vapour was seen from the bottom corner of the right SRB. The white vapour was the mixture of H and O. Merely milliseconds after the white vapour was seen, at 73.14 seconds, the freshness turned into a bolide in a immense detonation. The chief detonation was the H and O that came from the external a rmored combat vehicle. Challenger was going at a velocity of Mach 1.92 at a tallness of 46,000 pess when it blew up. The last recorded transmittal from Challenger was at 73.62 seconds after launch. Michael Smith was recorded as stating, Uhh oh! Six yearss subsequently, President Reagan, who was moved and troubled by the atrocious accident of mission 51-L, appointed an independent committee made up of individuals non connected with the mission to look into it. The intent of the committee was to: 1 ) Review the fortunes environing the accident to set up the likely cause or causes of the accident ; and 2 ) Develop recommendations for restorative or other action based upon the committee s findings and findings. Other selected individuals in add-on to Chairman Rogers were Vice-Chairman, Neil Armstrong, a old NASA spaceman and federal employee, and astronaut Sally Ride. The balance of the committee were David Acheson, Eugene Covert, Richard Feyman ( Nobel Prize physicist whose parts would be critical ) , Robert Hotz, Donald Kutyna, Robert Rummel, Joseph Sutter, Arthur Walker Jr. , Albert Wheelon, Charles Yeager, and Alton Keel Jr. Immediately after being appointed, the Rogers Commission moved frontward in its probe with the full support of the White House. It held public hearings covering with the facts taking up to the accident, and felt that the manner to cover with a failure of this magnitude was to unwrap all the facts to the full and openly. The committee took immediate stairss to rectify errors that led to the failure and helped to regenerate assurance and finding within NASA and in the eyes of the populace. The probe s chief aim was non needfully to indicate fingers but to see assurance in NASA s system by the populace and for the work forces and adult females who fly the birds. It focused its attending on the safety facets of future flights based on lessons learned from the appraisal, with the purpose being to return to safe infinite flight. At first, NASA seemed to be keep backing information about the accident from the populace, imperativeness, and Rogers Commission. The imperativeness was declaring it a intelligence blackout by NASA. Approximately two hebdomads following the calamity, the Rogers Commission was able to reassure the populace that the full narrative was being told in an orderly and thorough mode. The consensus of the Rogers Commission and other take parting fact-finding bureaus was that the loss of the infinite bird Challenger was caused by a failure in a joint between the two lower sections of the right solid projectile supporter. The solid projectile supporter # 8217 ; s sections are joined together by a nip and clevis articulation. Each section has a nip on the underside and a clevis on top. The clevis is the female connection, while the nip is the male linking constituent. The underside -mid section connects to the bottom section with a nose. Where this occurs is called the bottom field articulation. There are two washers called O-rings that wrap around the clevis and seal the joint, every bit good as a Zn chromate putty that is stuck in the joint. The bottom field articulation is the joint that failed on the right solid projectile supporter. There were a few causes that could hold led to the joint seal failure: 1 ) Damage or taint could hold occurred during the assembly. 2 ) The spread between the articulations had grown as a consequence of anterior usage of the solid projectile motors. 3 ) The temperature on the twenty-four hours of the launch was 36 grades ; the temperature of the bottom right field articulation was 28 grades at launch clip. 4 ) The public presentation of the putty that was applied to the joint. 5 ) Overall building of field articulations made by Morton Thiokol ( the company that produced the SRBs for NASA ) . The consequences included a combination of these possible causes. Although a serious concern, harm and/or taint of the field articulations at the clip of assembly was ruled out as a conducive component of flight 51-L s malfunction by the Rogers Commission. Records showed that the sections were assembled utilizing sanctioned processs. Significant out-of-round conditions existed between the two sections joined at the bottom right field articulation. This caused a spread concern during assembly, but trial records show that the spread was in the acceptable scope of mistake. Temperature was a cardinal factor involved in failure of the field joint seal. On the forenoon of the launch, the coldest articulations were the bottom field articulations of the right SRB. The temperature of that field articulation was 28 grades F. The temperature of the opposite side was about 50 grades F. When the O-rings are cold, they are really stiff and do non travel every bit rapidly as they should. Out of 21 launches with temperatures of 61 grades F or greater, merely four showed marks of O-ring thermic hurt. Each of the launches below 61 grades resulted in one or more O-rings demoing marks of eroding of blow-by and carbon black. Trials were done to see how fast O-rings seal at different temperatures. At 75 grades F the O-rings seal within 530 msecs. On the opposite side of the graduated table an O-ring at 20 grades F takes 1.9 seconds to seal. It is this difference in clip that most probably caused the detonation of the Challenger. It was Feyman s inquiries and analysis of informations that brought this out. The public presentation of the putty was another likely cause of the joint seal failure. The Zn chromate putty is placed on the interior of the articulations and besides forced between the spread of the nip and clevis during assembly. It is at that place to halt hot gas from making the O-rings. The hot gases can do holes in the putty, therefore allowing gas go through to the O-rings which could do harm. Prior to the 10th launch of the Challenger, the company that had been bring forthing the putty for the SRB articulations went out of concern. Putty had to be obtained from a new beginning, and post-testing showed that it was more susceptible to environmental effects ; wet made it tackier. Due to the launch temperature being really important, the Rogers Commission took this determination into history as a conducive factor. The Rogers Commission found that the failure was due to a faulty design intolerably sensitive to a figure of factors ( reusability, putty and O-ring public presentation in inauspicious temperatures ) . It concluded that the company bring forthing the O-rings, Morton Thiokol, and NASA were guilty of leting an evitable accident to happen. This accident was deemed evitable through research done by both companies applied scientists, anterior memoranda sent between the companies and section caputs, and events that took topographic point on the Eve of flight 51-L. On July 31st, 1985, Roger Boisjoly, Staff Engineer in applied mechanics at Morton Thiokol, sent a memo to Robert Lund, Thiokol s Vice President of Engineering, pressing that Thiokol s unofficial undertaking force originally said to be assigned to the field articulation job officially be pulled from its regular responsibilities and really assigned to the job. Prior to this petition, NASA and Morton Thiokol both knew that the solid projectile supporters were ill designed. In that period of clip, about every launch had been recorded as holding some type of eroding with the ill-famed O-rings. When Roger Boisjoly voiced his concern, about a twelvemonth and a half before the launch of the Challenger, the section heads coolly assured him that it was being worked on. A message sent in August, 1985, from the undertaking applied scientist recognized the job, stated that long term solutions looked good, and simple short term steps should be taken to cut down flight hazards. The long term soluti ons were projected to necessitate several old ages. Shuttlecocks had already been at hazard, and for the clip being would stay at hazard. The dark before the fatal launch, a figure of applied scientists voiced their concerns. Roger Boisjoly and others advised that a launch temperature of 53 grades Fahrenheit was important for proper operation of the field articulations O-rings. The Rogers Commission subsequently found that executives of Morton Thiokol were in understanding with the lower degree research applied scientists until they found out that NASA was sing other companies to construct the projectile supporters. Not desiring to lose their biggest client, Thiokol caputs changed their heads a few yearss before the 28th to move in the best involvements of the house # 8211 ; to travel a caput with the launch. This provided an even tougher challenge for Boisjoly and company to alter anyone s head on the launch Eve. He subsequently stated, This was a meeting where the finding was to establish, and it was up to us to turn out beyond a shadow of a uncertainty that it was non safe to make so. This is in entire contrary to what the place normally is in a preflight conversation or a flight preparedness reappraisal. The applied scientists were ignored. No one went to the imperativeness or a member of Congress. No 1 tried to make the spacemans and inform them of th e hazards they were taking if they launched the undermentioned forenoon. High-level applied scientists told NASA what it wanted to hear, and low-level applied scientists held their breath and went back to work. These were the grounds the Rogers Commission found NASA and Thiokol guilty of an evitable accident. NASA s haste to establish despite technology expostulations is typical of American corporate behaviour. Although NASA is a authorities bureau, non a concern, by seeking to do the bird commercially practical, NASA subjected its operations to concern considerations about from the beginning. Furthermore, the bureau is basically a coordinator of the work of a big figure of private corporations, where most of the applied scientists and technicians that were at inquiry were employed. The net income motivation for the companies seemed to be overruling technology concerns at precisely the clip when the applied scientist s positions were crucially of import. What happened at NASA and Morton Thiokol is a utile lesson for corporations: non merely were the applied scientists overruled by the direction, they were so afraid of revenge that they did non travel outside the concatenation of bid. Other than honest ethical patterns, they had a ground to be. Thiokol s first reaction to the catastrophe was to penalize Roger Boisjoly and Allan McDonald, Director of Solid Rocket Motors. These two were the chief perpetrators of showing the beliing launch grounds on the dark before the launch and besides the applied scientists who testified entirely before the Presidential Commission. The Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident was a thorough and complete probe into the infinite shuttle accident. The members of the committee did a first-class occupation of methodically traveling through each possible scenario and demoing how it could or could non hold impact the concluding consequence of the infinite shuttle accident. Upon happening the root of the job, they were able to show a history of anterior jobs with the O-rings, and demo a deficiency of stairss in guaranting the complete solution to this job. The committee completed its assigned undertaking of happening the job and suggesting a solution to guarantee that a national calamity of this magnitude would non happen in the hereafter and did an first-class occupation of showing it in the Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident.